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Uruk
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Uruk

Uruk was one of the most important cities (at one time, the most important) in ancient Mesopotamia. According to the Sumerian King List, it was founded by King Enmerkar c. 4500 BCE. Uruk is best known as the birthplace of writing c. 3200...
Anu
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Anu

Anu (also known as An) is an early Mesopotamian sky god who was later viewed as the Father of the Gods and ruler of the heavens, a position which then passed to his son Enlil. He is the son of the couple Anshar and Kishar (heaven and earth...
Akkadian Ruler
Image by Sumerophile

Akkadian Ruler

Bronze head of an Akkadian ruler, probably Sargon the Great, c. 23rd - 22nd century BCE.
The Family in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Family in Ancient Mesopotamia

Family in ancient Mesopotamia was considered the essential unit that provided social stability in the present, maintained traditions of the past, and ensured the continuance of those traditions, customs, and stability for the future. The...
The Banquet Stele of Ashurnasirpal II
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Banquet Stele of Ashurnasirpal II

When he came to the throne in 884 BCE, Ashurnasirpal II had to attend to revolts which broke out across the empire. He ruthlessly put down all rebellions, destroyed the rebel cities and, as a warning to others, impaled, burned, and flayed...
The Myth of Etana
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Myth of Etana

The Myth of Etana is the story of the Sumerian antediluvian King of Kish who ascends to heaven on an eagle to request the Plant of Birth from the gods so that he might have a son. Etana is named as the first king of Kish in the Sumerian King...
Ancient Mesopotamian Warfare in Sumer and Akkad
Video by Dan Davis History

Ancient Mesopotamian Warfare in Sumer and Akkad

Warfare was an essential part of the Akkadian Empire, especially under its conquering founder Sargon, and his grandson the god-king Naram-Sin. Their armies were the source of their power. But they were not the first kings of Mesopotamia...
The History of the Mesopotamian Naru Literature
Video by Kelly Macquire

The History of the Mesopotamian Naru Literature

The literary genre of Mesopotamian Naru Literature first appeared in the region around the second millennium BCE and the stories not only became very popular, but seemed to replace the actual historical events in the minds of the people...
Sargon II Wall Relief
Image by Jastrow

Sargon II Wall Relief

Sargon II and dignitary on a low-relief from the left wall of the palace of Sargon II at Dur Sharrukin in Assyria (now Khorsabad in Iraq), c. 716–713 BCE. Sargon II reigned 722-705 BCE and was one of the most important kings of the Neo-Assyrian...
Sargon II and Turtanu
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Sargon II and Turtanu

This almost 3 meters high alabaster bas-relief depicts the Assyrian king Sargon II (left; wearing the typical conical hat). Recognizable by the long sword hanging on his side, diadem, long curly beard, and the elegant dress, a figure greets...
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